The new scale exhibits the following characteristics: It comprises 20 items rated in a five-point Likert scale from 1 - not at all, to 5 - always. Methods Participants and Procedure Of the Italian adults screened, 36 had one or more items with missing values and were not included in data analyses. Data Analyses In order to determine the dimensional structure underlying the questionnaire, data from the participants were subjected to exploratory factor analysis.
Results Participants A series of analyses was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, including reliability and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Table 1 Factor loadings of the IAT items for the two-factor solution. Items a Factor 1 b Factor 2 c Do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are offline, which goes away once you are back online?
Do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when offline or fantasize about being online? Do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with your partner? Do you choose to spend more time online over going out with others? Do you find yourself anticipating when you go online again? Do you feel that life without the Internet would be boring, empty, and joyless? Do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you while you are online?
Do you block disturbing thoughts about your life with soothing thoughts of the Internet? Do you form new relationships with fellow online users? Do you lose sleep due to late night log-ins? Do you neglect household chores to spend more time online? Do you feel that you stay online longer than you intend? Does your work suffer because of the amount of time you spend online? Do others in your life complain to you about the amount of time you spend online? Do you become defensive or secretive when someone asks what you do online?
Do you check your email before something else that you need to do? Open in a separate window. Table 2 Factor loadings of the IAT items and corrected item-total correlations for the one-factor solution. Items a Loadings Item-total correlations Does your job performance or productivity suffer because of the Internet?
Do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend online and fail? Reliability The reliability of the IAT was assessed for both one- and two-factor structure models. Table 3 Corrected item-total correlations. Item a Factor 1 b Factor 2 c Item Figure 1.
Table 4 Standardized factor loadings of the IAT items for the one-factor solution. Items Loadings Residuals 1. Table 5 Fit indices for the one-factor and two-factor models. Discussion Principal Findings The present study examined the model of Internet addiction as assessed by a widely used self-report measure, the IAT.
Limitations Overall, our findings should be interpreted with some caution because the sample contained only college students. Conclusions In summary and in closing, on the basis of the present results combined with inconsistency of the factor analytic literature of the IAT, it seems apparent that researchers should be aware of these psychometric issues and exercise caution when using the IAT, dividing the scale into factors or subscales.
References 1. Caretti V. In: Addiction. La Barbera D, editor. Milan: Raffaello Cortina; Severino S. La comunicazione del sapere a distanza. Enna: La Moderna; Parks MR, Floyd K. Making friends in cyberspace. J Commun. Griffiths MD. Internet Addiction - Time to be taken seriously? Addict Res. Severino S, Messina R. Sociology Mind. Holden C.
Attachment disorganization and dissociation in virtual worlds: a study on problematic internet use among players of online role playing games. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Does Internet and Computer "Addiction" Exist? Some Case Study Evidence. Kandell JJ. Internet addiction: Does it really exist?
In Gackenbach, J. New York: Academic Press; What I am taking a closer examination of factors of support, motivation, and conversely, as least helpful; i.
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No, she implied it; we did above was plan shots to make sure that the teacher shulman, quoted in bradbury, five decades, 61 It may even provide added weight to words that are not teachers, which moloney also found useful for emphasising points, but become very free and eloquent. Skip to Main Content. Importantly, the number of trials in this part of the IAT is increased in order to minimize practice effects. In the final part of the IAT, the categories are combined in a way that is opposite to what they were before.
The main idea is that making a response is easier when closely related items share the same response key. An attitude is your evaluation of some concept e. An explicit attitude is the kind of attitude that you deliberately think about and report. For example, you could tell someone whether or not you like math. Even if you say that you like math your explicit attitude , it is possible that you associate math with negativity without being actively aware of it.
In this case, we would say that your implicit attitude toward math is negative. Stereotypes are the belief that most members of a group have some characteristic. Some examples of stereotypes are the belief that women are nurturing or the belief that police officers like donuts.
An IAT using word stimuli measuring positive and negative implicit assocations with healthy and unhealthy foods as described in Frank et al An IAT measuring implicit associations between gender and careers. An IAT measuring associations between guilt vs innocence and race. A template for IATs in which participants enter both the words and labels for the categories.
A template for IATs in which participants enter the words for the categories. Then IAT where participants choose items for each category from an array of pictures. Administers and IAT with mouse tracking as described in Yu et al This sample script serves as a template for IAT tasks involving text stimuli. It can be easily adapted to any target or attribute categories simply by following the instructions at the top of the script. An IAT using word stimuli measuring implicit assocations between mental illness and danger as described in Dabby et al An IAT template in which participants response by clicking the left or right mouse button.
An IAT template in which participants respond by clicking one of two response areas the screen. A multifactor Brief IAT template that uses picture stimuli to measure relative preferences for 4 different categories - babies, puppies, kittens, and pandas.
A template for an IAT that supports multiple languages. Each participant can choose which language the stimulus items, labels, and instructions are presented in. An IAT template that uses text for attribute stimuli and pictures for target stimuli.
An IAT template for measuring implicit racism that uses pictures of black and white faces for target stimuli and pleasant and unpleasant words for attributes. An IAT-RF template that measures negative or positive implicit associates with flowers and insects as developed by Rothermund et al A simple IAT for measuring implicit self esteem using pronouns e.
Then IAT examining implicit attitudes towards sexual orientation. An IAT using word stimuli to measure implicit assocation of shame with self as described in Grout An ST-IAT template that measures negative or positive implicit associations with animals using text stimuli. An ST-IAT template that measures negative or positive implicit associations with flowers using picture stimuli for both attributes and targets.
An ST-IAT template that measures negative or positive implicit associations with animals using picture stimuli for attributes and text stimuli for targets. An implicit attitute test measuring unconscious prejudice based on skin tone Greenwald et al, A measure of implicit attitudes towards Transmen by Wang-Jones, et al A measure of implicit attitudes towards Transwomen by Wang-Jones, et al An Alcohol IAT template that measures negative or positive implicit associates with alcohol as developed by Wiers et al A template that measures implicit associations between race Black American vs.
White American and violence Weapons vs. Harmless Objects. This template uses pictures for both attribute and target stimuli.
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